incluir
to includePresentewhat is going on now
Presente
Present — what is happening now, and what happens habitually
| yo | incluyoI include | nosotros | incluimoswe include |
| tú | incluyesyou include | vosotros | incluísyou all include |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyehe/she includes | ellos/Uds. | incluyenthey include |
Pretérito perfecto
Present perfect — have —ed; a past still touching now. Spain: today, this week. Latin America: mostly the indefinido instead
| yo | he incluidoI have included | nosotros | hemos incluidowe have included |
| tú | has incluidoyou have included | vosotros | habéis incluidoyou all have included |
| él/ella/Ud. | ha incluidohe/she has included | ellos/Uds. | han incluidothey have included |
Presente de subjuntivo
Present subjunctive — after que with wishes, doubt, emotion, ojalá
| yo | incluya(that) I include | nosotros | incluyamos(that) we include |
| tú | incluyas(that) you include | vosotros | incluyáis(that) you all include |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluya(that) he/she includes | ellos/Uds. | incluyan(that) they include |
Perfecto de subjuntivo
Present perfect subjunctive — have —ed, under doubt or emotion: no creo que haya venido
| yo | haya incluido(that) I have included | nosotros | hayamos incluido(that) we have included |
| tú | hayas incluido(that) you have included | vosotros | hayáis incluido(that) you all have included |
| él/ella/Ud. | haya incluido(that) he/she has included | ellos/Uds. | hayan incluido(that) they have included |
Pasadowhat went on
Pretérito indefinido
Preterite — a finished past action — it started, it ended
| yo | incluíI included | nosotros | incluimoswe included |
| tú | incluisteyou included | vosotros | incluisteisyou all included |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyóhe/she included | ellos/Uds. | incluyeronthey included |
Pretérito imperfecto
Imperfect — used to / was —ing; background, habits, descriptions
| yo | incluíaI used to include | nosotros | incluíamoswe used to include |
| tú | incluíasyou used to include | vosotros | incluíaisyou all used to include |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluíahe/she used to include | ellos/Uds. | incluíanthey used to include |
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto
Past perfect — had —ed; further back than another past event
| yo | había incluidoI had included | nosotros | habíamos incluidowe had included |
| tú | habías incluidoyou had included | vosotros | habíais incluidoyou all had included |
| él/ella/Ud. | había incluidohe/she had included | ellos/Uds. | habían incluidothey had included |
Imperfecto de subjuntivo (-ra)
Imperfect subjunctive — si clauses and past-tense wishes: si tuviera, quería que fuera
| yo | incluyera(that) I included | nosotros | incluyéramos(that) we included |
| tú | incluyeras(that) you included | vosotros | incluyerais(that) you all included |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyera(that) he/she included | ellos/Uds. | incluyeran(that) they included |
Imperfecto de subjuntivo (-se)
Imperfect subjunctive — the same tense, second form; commoner in Spain and in writing
| yo | incluyese(that) I included | nosotros | incluyésemos(that) we included |
| tú | incluyeses(that) you included | vosotros | incluyeseis(that) you all included |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyese(that) he/she included | ellos/Uds. | incluyesen(that) they included |
Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo
Past perfect subjunctive — had —ed, hypothetically: si hubiera sabido
| yo | hubiera incluido(that) I had included | nosotros | hubiéramos incluido(that) we had included |
| tú | hubieras incluido(that) you had included | vosotros | hubierais incluido(that) you all had included |
| él/ella/Ud. | hubiera incluido(that) he/she had included | ellos/Uds. | hubieran incluido(that) they had included |
Pretérito anterior
Preterite perfect — had —ed, immediately before; literary, all but extinct
| yo | hube incluidoI had included | nosotros | hubimos incluidowe had included |
| tú | hubiste incluidoyou had included | vosotros | hubisteis incluidoyou all had included |
| él/ella/Ud. | hubo incluidohe/she had included | ellos/Uds. | hubieron incluidothey had included |
Futurowhat will or would go on
Futuro simple
Future — will — (spoken Spanish often prefers voy a + infinitivo)
| yo | incluiréI will include | nosotros | incluiremoswe will include |
| tú | incluirásyou will include | vosotros | incluiréisyou all will include |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluiráhe/she will include | ellos/Uds. | incluiránthey will include |
Condicional simple
Conditional — would —; also softens a request into politeness
| yo | incluiríaI would include | nosotros | incluiríamoswe would include |
| tú | incluiríasyou would include | vosotros | incluiríaisyou all would include |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluiríahe/she would include | ellos/Uds. | incluiríanthey would include |
Futuro perfecto
Future perfect — will have —ed; done by some future point
| yo | habré incluidoI will have included | nosotros | habremos incluidowe will have included |
| tú | habrás incluidoyou will have included | vosotros | habréis incluidoyou all will have included |
| él/ella/Ud. | habrá incluidohe/she will have included | ellos/Uds. | habrán incluidothey will have included |
Condicional perfecto
Conditional perfect — would have —ed; the road not taken
| yo | habría incluidoI would have included | nosotros | habríamos incluidowe would have included |
| tú | habrías incluidoyou would have included | vosotros | habríais incluidoyou all would have included |
| él/ella/Ud. | habría incluidohe/she would have included | ellos/Uds. | habrían incluidothey would have included |
Futuro de subjuntivo
Future subjunctive — legal and proverbial only: adonde fueres, haz lo que vieres
| yo | incluyere(should) I include | nosotros | incluyéremos(should) we include |
| tú | incluyeres(should) you include | vosotros | incluyereis(should) you all include |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyere(should) he/she include | ellos/Uds. | incluyeren(should) they include |
Imperativotelling someone to
Imperativo afirmativo
Imperative (do it) — orders and requests; there is no yo form
| yo | — | nosotros | incluyamoslet's include |
| tú | incluyeinclude! | vosotros | incluidinclude! |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyainclude! | ellos/Uds. | incluyaninclude! |
Imperativo negativo
Imperative (don't) — no + subjunctive — never the affirmative form with no in front
| yo | — | nosotros | no incluyamoslet's not include |
| tú | no incluyasdon't include | vosotros | no incluyáisdon't include |
| él/ella/Ud. | no incluyadon't include | ellos/Uds. | no incluyandon't include |
